The earth’s structure and surface are made of about thirty percent of land mass and seventy percent of water. While the world is preoccupied with how to solve the multifarious issues on the land surface, the marine environment is in a state of neglect as a result of ignorance, lack of information and shrewd politics and commerce.

Marine Management is the authors attempt to contribute to the legal policy and frameworks that will bring about the safety and sustainability of the ecosystem and marine environment through academic research and publications.
With eleven chapters in this work, the author made significant and valuable legal insights with topics like biodiversity conservation, sustainable fisheries management, the effects of climate change, and enforcement and compliance measures for the relevant global authority to act on.

The author’s simple style of writing and analysis makes the book readable, especially the legal policies and frameworks that do not require any professional interpretation.
With 235 pages, the book covers areas concerning principles of sovereignty, cooperation and integration, precautionary principles, polluter pays, public trust, intergenerational equity, and the principles of Environmental Impacts Assessment.
It is a book read for all that are concerned about the blue economy and sustainable development of the world in the near future.

It is a basic fact that pandemic is a relative term to the concept of global health. Generally, global health covers transnational health concerns, assessment, determinants, as well as possible solutions. The concept of global health involves multi-disciplines, which transcend the orbit of health sciences; as it concentrates on the application of preventive-curative methodology that is curated in accordance with population and individual level of care.

Various studies have stated that irrespective of the fact that most of the emphasis plotted by global health is basically on preventive angles, it does not suggest that global health is void of any form of curative, rehabilitative, and other aspects of clinical medicine and the study of basic sciences. Having curated the meaning of global health, it is important to assess the place of a global health crisis, which is often seen to assume a nuptial tie with a pandemic as both concepts have to do with diseases or health crises that have transcended the shores of a particular country at a particular time.

On that note, global health crisis may be termed as complex health system or critical health condition which affects humans and is dominant in more a single geographical territory; usually affecting most parts of the world at a given period of time. It is observed that global health crises have significant impacts on communal health, life expectancy, and the global economy.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study is to appraise the meaning, nature and chronology of pandemic in 2F century. Methodology: The applicable methodology in attaining the aim of the study is doctrinal methodology which is a non-empirical approach. By the applicable method, the study was able to access policies, regulations, and contents findings m existing literatures. The researcher curated data from existing literatures, reports and thus primary source of data were not utilised as only secondary source of data were used accordingly. Findings: The study found that pandemic is a sudden/unaware outbreak of a disease that speedily spreads across a whole region and the entire globe with high prevalence as a result of a high rate of susceptible population; the study also found that where pandemic occurs, the probability is high for there to be a high mortality rate. In the study, it is also found that at different stages in the development of modern man and society, different diseases had been categorised as pandemic. However, due to the complexities enshrined in deciphering whether a given disease is a pandemic or not, it became vested on the World Health Organization (WHO) to conduct assessment upon the outbreak of any disease and weigh it on existing criteria to ascertain if such should be declared as a pandemic. Recommendation: As parts of the recommendations made in this study, it is stated that the World Health Organization should endeavour to make its assessment in the earliest time and declare a disease as a pandemic as that would help states in making efforts and contributing resources m curbing the effects of the diseases and possibly terminating the disease. Keywords: Pandemic, Disease, World Health Organization, Outbreak, Mortality, Susceptible Population

Abstract Purpose: This aims at analyzing the implications of covid-19 on the shipping/oil tanker market. Methodology: In order to attain the aim of this study, findings and data are curated from existing literatures, documents, policies, etc. This implies that desk review is the methodology applied in this study where the researcher made use of secondary sources of data as against primary source of data. Findings: In the study, it was found that covid-19 brought about a shortage in the rate of demands for good thereby causing an unbalance in the rate of supply over demand at a time which directly brought about a huge decline in shipping/oil tanker transportation. The study also found that irrespective of the huge decline in the rate of shipping/oil tanker transportation brought about by low demand in comparison with supply; shipping/oil tanker was patronized by dealers for the purpose of storage of products. Also, the study found that seaborne trade fell downward from above 3% to below a negative 8% and at a bdp rate of 100m, the demand was 3% higher than the global supply which in 2019 was at about 97%. However, in the second quarter of 2020 the supply leads demand at over 28M bdp and a 13% increase in the demand year-on-year when compared to a fall of 3.9% in the supply year-on-year. Recommendation: The study recommends that appropriate forecasting methods and proper liaison with global health will aid in averting or ameliorating the risks and negative impacts brought on shipping/oil tanker market by covid-19. Keywords: Covid-19, Shipping, Oil tanker, Implications, Market

Abstract.

The sole aim of this paper is to appraise maritime security challenges in Nigeria and the Gulf of Guinea. This implies that the paper will analyse the concept, practices and concerns on maritime security in the study areas (Nigeria and Gulf of Guinea) while identifying the challenges facing maritime security in the study areas. The study also makes a recommendation on the ideal and effective means of tackling the issues of maritime security challenges in Nigeria and the Gulf of Guinea. To attain the aforesaid aim of this paper, the researcher applies and adopts a desk-review approach –a kind of qualitative methodology of research –for this research paper. By virtue of the desk-review approach or methodology of research as adopted and applied for this paper, the researcher was able to utilise secondary sources of data and other existing works of literature such as articles, seminar papers, textbooks, reports and policies through which valid, credible and reliable information can be accessed and utilised.

Amongst the findings made in this paper are that Nigeria and the Gulf of Guinea have a large expanse of the water body. The study finds that the maritime security challenges in Nigeria and the Gulf of Guinea range from hostage-taking, oil theft, piracy and armed robbery at the sea. The study finds that the maritime security challenges have affected maritime transport and security of vessels in Nigeria and the Gulf of Guinea. The study also found that maritime security challenges in the region affected investment in Nigeria, the Gulf of Guinea and other neighbouring territories in severe ways. The maritime security challenges have affected the shipping of cargo goods, fishing trawlers, crude oil tankers, etc. in the study areas.

Also, the study ascertains that the maritime security challenges in Nigeria and the Gulf of Guinea have brought about the illegal establishment of offshore trading and transactions in crude oil and refined petroleum as well as bunkering. The contribution of the study to theory, practice and policy are that the paper did not only appraise the issue of maritime security challenge in Nigeria and the Gulf of Guinea; it also makes comprehensive and ideal recommendations that could be adopted to mitigate the issues of maritime security challenges in the areas